Polyploidization is considered as a valuable tool in the genetic improvement of crop plants. By the karyotype analysis, the x and y chromosomes were found to be submeta. Led light spectrum cannabinoid content abstract cannabis sativa l. The first documented use of the cannabis sativa plant was by emperor shen neng in 2737 b. Genetic relationships of different kinds of cannabis plants. Pdf the botany of cannabis sativa l andreu fv academia. For millennia, the plant has also been used for fiber, oil production, and simply as additive for food products. Polyploidization for the genetic improvement of cannabis. Arab physicians knew and used its diuretic, antiemetic, antiepileptic, anti. Hashish is made from the plant resin, which contains high concentrations of. Commonly known as marijuana, cannabis sativa might just be the most famous plant species on the planet.
Phytoremediation potential of hemp cannabis sativa l. Pdf the effect of light spectrum on the morphology and. Phenotypic variation of cell wall composition and stem. That will make it bigger than annual global sales for raw metals like nickel and silver put together. While hemp has for centuries been subject to a wide variety of breeding and shaping processes aimed at creating industrial hemp, cannabis has served and still serves a recreational or therapeutic purpose. Sativa, indica, and hybrid cannabis strains all grow differently and have different requirements to flourish, so learn the nuances of growing each. Earliest geographical centers of the four kinds of domesticated cannabis sativa. Even roots are useful for enriching soil and improving its quality. They can grow taller than 12 feet, and they take longer to mature than some other types of cannabis. Recently the interest in industrial hemp cannabis sativa l. Providing a short and clear overview of such a complex topic area is, however, challenging. Characterization of hemp fiber quality, including stem morphology and cell wall composition and structure, is the first step toward breeding for high yielding.
Commercial cannabis comes from the female species, which have long skinny stems and large, iconic fan leaves. Cannabis can be detected by the successful production of the 197 bp pcr product linacre and thorpe, 1998. Methods of forensic analysis, the identification of. The first evidence of the use of cannabis was found in china, where archeological and historical findings indicate that that plant was cultivated for fibers since 4. Despite its cultivation as a source of food, fibre and medicine, and its global status as the most used illicit drug, the genus cannabis has an inconclusive taxonomic organization and evolutionary history. Cannabis sativa is a complex species with highly variable morphological features. May 24, 2017 cannabis sativa is a complex species with highly variable morphological features. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. This study was not blinded and the observed differences. Close to 50 thousand various products can be made from different parts of this plant seed, leaves, panicles, stems. Male plant morphology is specialized for pollen dispersal by wind. However, by the twentieth century, medical use of cannabis had largely declined, and its consumption for medical purposes was already very limited when in 1961 cannabis was. For millennia, the plant has also been used for fiber, oil.
Sativa marijuana plant appearance if mowgli from the jungle book was a marijuana connoisseur, he might describe sativa strains as being the king of the equatorial forest reigning supreme over vast expanses of temperate foliage, and enlightening the various creatures who tread beneath its damp, lifebearing canopy. Drug types of cannabis marijuana, which contain high amounts of the psychoactive cannabinoid. The genome sizes of the diploid female and male plants were determined to be 1636 and 1683 mbp, respectively, by flow cytometry. Polyploidization for the genetic improvement of cannabis sativa. A native of asia, cannabis has been naturalized and cultivated worldwide over thousands of years. Cannabaceae is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by humans. Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of. Flower initiation of female cannabis sativa plant is dayneutral. Cannabis sativa cannabis is among the earliest plants cultivated by man.
In relating plant density to fibre hemp production it can therefore be said. The sexual phenotype of cannabis often shows some flexibility leading to the differentiation of hermaphrodite flowers or bisexual inflorescences. Traditionally, three major classes have been recognized. Although this method has been used in hemptype cannabis, it has never been applied to drugtype strains. Summary a dioecious plant, cannabis sativa has two sex chromosomes x and y. The plant cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana, presents unique issues in our justice system, not the least of which is its identification both by law enforcement officers as well as forensic crime laboratories. Minor genetic changes with little effect on morphology may. In many locations, the plant genus cannabis has become synonymous with the recreational drug marijuana. The differences have grown deep due to the use made of each. Psychoactive substances used for religious rituals, medicine, recreation controversy about whether cannabis indica exists as a separate subspecies. The inflorescence is the main product of medical cannabis.
Importantly, there are a number of caveats that need to be borne in mind when interpreting the findings of this report. Trichomes are a blanket of crystal resin coating the cannabis plant, and they contain both terpenes and cannabinoids. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. Sativa and indica are just varieties of the cannabis plant. No statistical difference between sativa and indica was found for pain, mood, nausea, muscle spasms, seizures, ocular issues, insomnia, awareness or neuropathy. The plants database includes the following 4 subspecies of cannabis sativa. But cannabis is prolific and the case is made that these may simply be. Despite actually having different names, hemp and cannabis belong to the same group.
Marijuana, from the hemp plant cannabis sativa, contains many cannabinoid compounds, of which. When trying to figure out which plant you have, its best to look at its leaves. Back then, people started noticing that cannabis plants showed great differences in structure and resin production. At high density 180270 plants m 2, strong competition for light early in the growing season promoted internode extension primary growth and inhibited increase of stem diameter secondary growth.
The sexual phenotype of cannabis often shows some flexibility leading to the differentiation of hermaphrodite flowers or bisexual. A unique plant source of 3 important types of products 1. This fastgrowing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multipurpose applications. With hybrids, this can sometimes be complex, but with pure indica and sativa strains, there truly are some pretty distinct differences in appearance. One of the most important growth factors in cannabis cultivation is light. By 2027, its projected that the legal cannabis market in the u. The number of species within the genus is disputed. In his original 1753 classification, carl linnaeus identified just one species, cannabis sativa. The pistillate plants,however,continue their growth and become larger.
This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. The area of medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids is extremely dynamic. Differences in growing sativa, indica and hybrid cannabis. Cannabis glandular trichomes alter morphology and metabolite. In this post, we will covering the anatomy of the female cannabis plant, because the males do not produce cannabis flower we all know and love. Elsohly, in the analytical chemistry of cannabis, 2016. Our results show that the plant morphology can be manipulated with the light spectrum. Cannabis cultivars of the indica type are smaller in height with broader leaves, while sativa typesaretallerwithlong,thin. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for subspecies profiles.
Cannabis sativa, cannabis indica and cannabis ruderalis. Sativa cannabis plants will always be taller and skinny with thin leaves. Complete taxonomic classification within the genus cannabis remains under considerable dispute. Hundreds of specialized metabolites with potential bioactivity are produced and accumulated in the glandular trichomes that are highly abundant mainly on female inflorescences. Lamarck 1785 determined that cannabis strains from india were distinct from the common hemp of europe, based on stem and leaf morphology, and named the new species c. Even though numerous people have ignored this mysterious, yet beneficial and beautiful plant, cannabis has received overwhelming attention from others. It is found in various habitats ranging from sea level to the temperate and alpine foothills of the himalayas, from where it was probably spread over the last 10,000 years. Article pdf available june 2018 with 2,469 reads how we measure reads. Believe it or not, those who have seen a lot of marijuana in their lives can identify different cannabis strains just by the way they look. While cannabis plants are grown and used for food, fiber, fuel, medicine, and shelter brown 1998a, guy 2004 in different areas of the world, primary cultivation, especially in the united states, is for the psychoactive chemical constituents known as cannabinoids. Today, we have established standards and conditions for each type of cannabis plant and the effects they produce.
A guide on the visual differences between indicas and sativas. Only the marijuana plant sample should yield the expected band produced from the pcr. Plant population effects on fibre hemp morphology and. For a long time, the taxonomic status of the genus was inconclusive, and the number of cannabis species is still controversial small et al. The present chapter provides detailed descriptions of morphological and anatomical characters of various parts of c. The most common way currently used to classify cannabis cultivars is through plant morphology phenotype with two types typically recognized. The international journal of plant reproductive biology 22 pp.
The effect of light spectrum on the morphology and. Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants within the hemp family. Plant metabolomics provides the ability to study small molecules within samples to understand the underlying impacts of genetics, environment, or stressors 15,16. Modern western scientific literature ignores their contribution on the subject. This has resulted in a vernacular system of distinguishing sativa from indica types of cannabis, which developed independent. Feb 04, 2016 cannabis sativa is a notorious recalcitrant plant to transformation, because the regeneration efficiencies are quite low and dependent upon the cultivar, tissue, plant age and growth regulator combination slusarkiewiczjarzina et al.
The analytical chemistry of cannabis, bt thomas, ma elsohly, elsevier, 2016. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of weeds of the u. Furthermore, it is possible to affect the accumulation of different cannabinoids to increase the potential of medicinal grade cannabis. Morphology of cannabis sativa l iowa research online university. Knowing the parts of the cannabis and understanding their roles can help you pick out the highest quality strains at the new amsterdam. Sex is determined by heteromorphic chromosomes x and y.
Cannabis sativa is an annual plant, mostly dioecious and dimorphic, although. Understanding the morphophysiological and genetic mechanisms governing flower and inflorescence development is therefore of high scientific and practical. The plant is trimmed down into buds, which come together in a cola at the top of the stem. Cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, and cannabis ruderalis. This paper reports on a 4year study into the effect of plant density on the morphology and production of fibre hemp. This plant may be known by one or more common names in. Other authorities schultes and hofmann 1991 insist. The most commonly agreed upon formal taxonomy for this plant is that the. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. Sativa plants are tall and thin with fingerlike leaves. The genus cannabis, in the family cannabaceae, includes annual herbaceous, dioecious species. Jul 28, 2017 anatomy and morphology of the cannabis plant. Indica strains appeared superior to sativa strains in improving energy and appetite. Seeds were planted into a soil mixture containing 1.
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